Internet Protocol (IP) addresses

                                         INTERNET PROTOCOL   (IP address)

INTRODUCTION Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are the unique numbers assigned to every computer or device that is connected to the internet. Among other importance functions, they identify every device connected to the internet, whether it is web server, smartphone, mail server, or laptop. After years of rapid internet expansion, the pool of available unallocated addresses for the original Internet Protocol, known as IPv4, has been fully allocated to Internet Services Providers (ISP) and users. That’s why we need IPv6, the next generation of the Internet protocol that has a massively bigger address space than IPv4. There are 7 billion people on Earth, but IPv4 only offered about 4.3 billion IP addresses. IPv6 offers enough for everyone.

OUTLINE

• What is an IP addresses?
• Why do we need IP address
• Parts of an IP address
• Types of IP address
• Classes of IP address
• What do IP addresses look like?
• What is IPv4?
• What is IPV6?
• What is Network Mask?
• IP Subnetting and its importance 

WHAT IS AN IP ADDRESS? 

“IP address” is a shorter way of saying “Internet Protocol address.” IP addresses are numbers assigned to Computer network interfaces. Although we use names to refer to the things we seek on the internet, such as www.example.com, computers translate these names into numerical addresses so they can send to the right   location. So when you send an email, visit web site, or participate in a video conference, your computer sends data packets to the IP address of the other end of the connection and receives packets destined for its own IP address. 

WHY DO WE NEED IP ADDRESS?

IP addresses are numbers that enable our computers, servers, telephone, cameras and printers used to communicate with each other. Without IP addresses, we would have to copy data from device to device manually, using CDs, DVDs, hard disks or flash storage, such as USB drive. But more importantly, our device could not send data to each other without human intervention. Without the IP addresses assigned to our computers, we would have to send paper letters and memos instead of sending mails. There would be no streaming video sites. Instead, we would have to send each other discs and tapes. Worst of all, we would not be able to order items online and would have to go to stores to buy them in person. It would be horrific, like the 1970s all over again. 

 TYPES OF IP ADDRESS

PUBLIC IP ADDRESS:- A public IP address is the address that is assigned to a computing device to allow direct access over the internet. A web server, email server and any server device directly accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public IP address. A public IP address is globally unique, and can only be assigned to a unique device.
 PRIVATE IP ADDRESS:- A private IP address is the address space allocated by InterNIC to allow organizations to create their own private network. There are three IP blocks (1 class A, 1 class B and 1 class C) reserved for a private use. The computers, tablets and smartphones sitting behind your home, and personal computers within an organizations are usually assigned private IP addresses. A network printer residing in your home is assigned a private address so that only your family can print to your local printer

 CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS

TCP/IP defines five classes of IP addresses: class A, B, C, D, and E. Each class has a range of valid IP addresses. The value of the first octet determines the class. IP addresses from the first classes (A,B and C) can be used for host addresses. The other two classes are used for other purposes (class D for multicast and class E for experimental purposes).

WHAT DO IP ADDRESSES LOOK LIKE?

There are currently two different versions of IP addresses in use – IPv4 and IPv6. The two versions look  quite different from one another. IP addresses are actually just long string of numbers, like 3221226037, but to make it easier for people to read them, we write them down in a special way. IPv4 addresses are written as a string of four numbers between 0 and 255, separated by dots. A typical IPv4 address looks like this: 192.0.2.53  IPv6 addresses are considerably longer strings of numbers, so they are written using hexadecimals,  which can fit more information into fewer digit. Colons separate the segments of IPv6 addresses instead of dots, for example , 2001:0db8:53. In fact, when you see two colons side by side in an IPv6 address, you know that all the segments between them contains zeros, without those colons, the example address expands to its fully-written version, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0053.

PARTS OF THE IP ADDRESSES

An IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node, or host. The Class of address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. All nodes on a given network share the same network prefix but must have a unique host number.
Class A Network
 In a Class A network binary address start with 0, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 1 to 126. The first 8 bits (the first octet)   the network. An example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226, where “102” identifies the network and “168.212.226” identifies the host on that network.   
Class B Network
  In a Class B Network, binary addresses start with 10, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 128 to 191. The number 127 is reserved and used for internal testing on the local machine. The first 16 bits (the first two octets) identify the network and the remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where “168.212” identifies the network and “226.204” identifies the host on that network. 
 Class C Network
 Binary addresses starts with 110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 192 to 223. The first 24 bits (the first three octets) identify the network and the remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where “200.168.212” identifies the network and “226” identifies the host on that network.
Class D Network 
In Class D Network, binary addresses start with 1110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 224 to 239. Class D networks are used to support multicasting
Class E Network  

In Class E Network, binary addresses start with 1111, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 240 to 255. Class E networks are used for experimentation. They have never been documented or utilized in a standard way.

WHAT IS IPV4 NETWORK?

IPv4 is the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol. It defines IP addresses in a 32-bit format, which looks like 123.123.123.123. Each three-digit section can include a number from 0 to 255, which means the total number of IPv4 addresses available is 4,294,967,296 (256 x 256 x 256 x 256)

WHAT IS IPV6 NETWORK?

IPv6 is the enhanced version of IPv4 and can support very large numbers of nodes as compared to IPv4.   IPv6 addresses are binary numbers represented in hexadecimal.  IPv6 addresses are 128 bit length 

WHAT IS NETWORK MASK?

 A network mask helps you know which portion of the address identifies the network and which portion of the address identifies the node. 

 IP SUBNETTING 

Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exits within a single Class A, B, or C networks. If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A, B, or C network, which is unrealistic.

IMPORTANCE OF SUBNETTING

• Easier Communication – computers on that network can communicate among each other easily.  

• Security – Subnetting can help ensure network security by facilitating communication between computers on the same subnet while preventing access from computers on other subnets.  

• IP Limitations – Another reason that Subnetting has become important is that the number of IP addresses available on a single network is limited.

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